Inhibitor Improves Learning Essay

The article is entitled, Peripheral Delivery of a ROCK Inhibitor Improves Learning and Working Memory. Title of the diary the article was distributed in and date distributed: This article was distributed in the diary entitled Behavioral Neuroscience in February 2009. The diary is distributed by the American Psychological Association. Portray the theme and the analysis led. What did they do? The article noticed that in related investigations, the RhoA/ROCK/Rac pathway is engaged with the psychological procedures. Subsequently, they hypothesized that if this pathway could be hindered, learning and memory can be improved. The article clarified that fasudil has been utilized in tests for the treatment of vasospasm and angina yet not for learning and memory. Hydroxyfasudil is a functioning metabolite of fasudil. The investigation subjects were 27 rodents who were 17 months old and year and a half old at the hour of genuine social testing. In particular, the examination utilized Fischer-344 male rodents who were reproduced at the maturing state of the National Institute on Aging at Harlan Laboratories (Indianapolis, IN). All the rodents were acclimatized before the real examination as per IACUC principles and all the system done were with the endorsement of the neighborhood IACUC board of trustees. NIH measures were followed. The examination was done in Arizona State University. The investigation gathered the rodents into three test gatherings. The main gathering of rodents got saline and was named as the â€Å"aged vehicle† gathering. The subsequent gathering got 0. 1875 mg hydroxyfasudil and was marked as the â€Å"aged low dose† gathering. The third gathering got 0. 3750 mg hydroxyfasudil and was marked as the â€Å"aged high dose† gathering. Of the 27 rodents, nine had a place with the â€Å"aged vehicle† gathering, another nine rodents in the â€Å"aged low dose† gathering, and another nine rodents in the â€Å"aged high dose† gathering. Since hydroxyfasudil has a half-existence of around 5-7 hours in people, the medications were completely regulated in the first part of the prior day conduct testing was finished. All infusions were given by subcutaneous infusion at the scruff of the neck of the rodent. All experimenters who played out the conduct testing and succeeding dismemberments of the rats’ minds were ignorant concerning the individual treatment gatherings of the rodents. The conduct testing utilized the Water Radial Arm Maze to test working and reference memory, and the Spatial Reference Memory Morris Maze to test for spatial learning and memory. The exhibition of the rodents in these two labyrinths were contrasted and utilized as premise similarly as with whether subjective capacities were upgraded or not with the organization of hydroxyfasudil. Sum up the most significant outcomes. What did they find and I'm not catching that's meaning? 4 pts The consequences of the conduct testing done utilizing the water spiral arm labyrinth, the â€Å"aged high dose† bunch was predominant in all measures assessed: learning list scores for absolute mistakes, working memory right blunders, and working memory inaccurate blunders. Better learning was shown by having a higher learning record. Matured high dose† bunch indicated better learning on every one of the three measures. The group’s learning file when contrasted with the â€Å"aged vehicle† bunch was essentially higher. With respect to the â€Å"aged low dose† gathering, it despite everything had a higher learning list when contrasted with the â€Å"a ged vehicle group† yet just hardly for the working memory wrong blunders. For the other two measures, the gathering despite everything had a higher learning list yet no longer possibly, however transitional between the â€Å"aged high dose† and â€Å"aged vehicle† bunches recommending that the relationship might be portion subordinate. Another significant outcome noted was that hydroxyfasudil didn't fundamentally modify spatial reference memory execution in either labyrinth. 5) What suggestions do these outcomes have for future exploration? What would it be a good idea for them to take a gander at next? The ramifications of study would imply that if hydroxyfasudil can repress occasions that impact discernment, the subsequent stage is affirm this in bring about a bigger number of mice or even in hares. They ought to likewise investigate the symptoms of hydroxyfasudil and a decent beginning is search for a similar reactions found in its parent compound which is additionally being as of now contemplated. ) Does this examination uncover whatever could be helpful to society (everyone, not science), and assuming this is the case, what's going on here? This examination demonstrated that on the off chance that hydroxyfasudil improves intellectual capacity by improving spatial learning and memory, at that point science has discovered another conceivable response to age-related or neurodegenerative-related memory brokenness. To lay it out plainly, hydroxyfasudil, if protected and compelling in improving spatial learning and memory, will help patients who experience the ill effects old enough related or neurodegenerative-related memory brokenness. ) What are some conceivable jumbles or mistakes that this investigation ought to have controlled for, yet didn't? Basically, what might improve this an investigation? As I would see it, this examination was a decent one with entirely unimportant confounders. One thing that may have improved the examination however was the conceivable reactions of hydroxyfasudil on the present moment and furthermore long haul. 8) What did you discover that you didn't know previously? What did you find generally fascinating? I found that reality that such a medication as hydroxyfasudil being a potential treatment for those experiencing age-related memory brokenness, interesting. I didn't have the foggiest idea about this until I read this article. In the event that it is in fact a potential fix, numerous individuals everywhere throughout the world would carry on with a superior life in their propelled age since their memory will serve them better and they will rely less upon their kids and accordingly, have a more uncertain possibility of being set in homes since families experience issues thinking about them.

The Double Helix – Character Guide

Twofold Helix Readers Guide * Max Perutz †was the leader of the unit where Crick works at Cambridge University. Perutz additionally shared significant X-beam crystallography symbolism with Watson and Crick that he had gotten from Maurice Wilkins and Franklin. Regardless of whether he should give this data to Watson and Crick without Franklin’s information is obscure, nor is it altogether realized how significant her work was to the revelation of the structure. Sir Lawrence Bragg †the leader of the Cavendish research facility at Cambridge college, met with much opposition from Watson and particularly Crick. Bragg is the most youthful ever Nobel prize champ, which he won for the revelation of the Bragg low of X-beam crystallography. Bragg likewise composed the foreword to Watson’s book, adding significantly to the decency of the book. * John Kendrew †English taught, likewise worked in the Cavendish research facility under the heading of Bragg. Worked intima tely with Perutz and shared the 1962 Nobel prize with him for their work on X-beam crystallography. Erwin Schrodinger †his book What is Life was an extraordinary motivation to Watson, who concurred that numerous insider facts can be revealed if the logical world committed itself to revelation of what the genuine privileged insights of life are * O. T. Avery †significant on the grounds that their exploration on DNA/protein after Griffiths probe the changing element, was definitive enough for Watson to accept that DNA was the hereditary material (not protein as was accepted) * Max Delbruck †spearheaded bacteriophage research which permitted Hershey and Chase to lead their trials with radioactive naming. Maurice Wilkins †was Rosalind Franklin’s accomplice in X-beam crystallography and assumed a significant job in giving Watson the B-structure of DNA that Franklin and Gosling had made. Franklin, Gosling and Wilkins all worked at King’s College, London. * Rosalind Franklin †Although Franklin had not consented to the trade Wilkins had made (giving of B-structure symbolism to Watson), her work demonstrated that DNA was helical and that the bases were within with the sugar phosphates outwardly (as she had said all along).In short, her 3 commitments were critical to Watson’s improvement of the model, in spite of the fact that the B-model refuted one of her speculations however a few right. Moreover, Watson and Franklin had an extremely warmed relationship, which prompted many warmed discussions and now and then even clashes. * Linus Pauling †the best scientist throughout the entire existence of the United States, worked at Cal Tech and was the nearest rivalry to Watson and Crick in the disclosure of the structure of DNA. Well known for the disclosure of the hydrogen bond and the alpha-helical structure of protein.He’s additionally acclaimed for distributing an off-base model of DNA (three strands) for which he s aw significant open humiliation. * Herman Kalkar †was the leader of the lab in Copenhagen where Watson did phage research not long after he graduated. He didn't make the most of his time in Copenhagen, which is the reason he left not long after arriving. * Salvador Luria †James Watson was Luria’s first alumni understudy at the University of Indiana. Luria would proceed to accomplish earth shattering work with phages in organic chemistry. He would later win the Nobel prize for medication alongside Hershey and Delbruck for their work on phages. J. T. Randall †was the leader of the King’s College lab group with Wilkins as his appointee. He shared the 1962 Nobel prize with Watson and cramp * Dorothy Hodgkin †was the other significant female character in the book. Both of the ladies plainly battled in a world that was intensely commanded by men. In any case, Hodgkin was known to coexist with men obviously superior to Franklin. She said this was a direct result of her sex, though Franklin encountered the inverse. Franklin and Hodgkin worked intently in the examination of the DNA structure. The two researchers were X-beam crystallographers.Hodgkin won the 1964 Nobel prize for science * Willy Seeds †was celebrated for calling Watson â€Å"honest Jim. † Worked with Maurice Wilkins in the King’s research center and was acclaimed for his spearheading chip away at the DNA filaments. Him calling Watson legitimate Jim was obviously mockery since they King’s researchers were still angry about Watson taking their information to make his model * R. G. Gosling †this was Franklin’s lab accomplice at King’s College lab * Erwin Chargaff †found the bases in the purines and pyrimidines (twofold and single ring) and furthermore found that A matches with T and C matches with G.Gave Watson a significant piece of information in his model structure, that he needed to coordinate the bases. * Al Hershey â⠂¬ was a researcher that was known for directing the last evidence of DNA being the genetic material. Their examination finished the race and guaranteed the logical world that DNA was the acquired material. * Martha Chase †was Hershey’s lab accomplice, and was one of only a handful not many other ladies in the logical world * Peter Pauling †Linus’ child, came to concentrate in London and Watson indicated him around. In the process Peter gave Watson some significant clues that his dad was drawing near to the revelation of the alpha helical structure.

The nurse as a professional (mental health) Essay

The medical caretaker as an expert (psychological well-being) - Essay Example For example, youngsters who got mental medications for psychosomatic and conduct issues experienced barely any essential consideration visits and got less human services benefits after treatment (Finney, Riley, and Cataldo 1991). There are additionally signs that gathering guiding improves the working of the insusceptible framework, pregnancy rates, and the personal satisfaction of malignant growth patients. This reality is known to countless emotional well-being medical attendants (Aldridge 2004). Despite the fact that the criticalness of the passionate wellbeing of patients and its association with physical prosperity has been bolstered for quite a while, experts have been frustrated in deciding how to upgrade access to emotional wellness (Hemmings 2000). Emotional wellness balance, which needs insurance agencies to offer sensible inclusion for psychological well-being and physical consideration, has as of now been the significant objective for improving such achievement. Coordinat ed Care in Mental Health Contexts Inopportunely, psychological well-being uniformity may not be a general cure, as a few experts think. Insurance agencies, for instance, whenever obliged by government approach to give impartial inclusion, will move the additional expenses to people in general through co-installments and higher premiums, which will likewise limit mental human services get to, albeit in a roundabout way (Kent and Hersen 2000). As such, the primary goal of this exposition is to draw the consideration of psychological well-being medical caretakers to an appearing advancement, coordinated consideration, and suggest methods for participating in an incorporated consideration process. Incorporated consideration, another turn of events, gives a lot of affirmation to patients and all medicinal services workers. Incorporated consideration is the upgraded collaboration of emotional well-being professionals inside essential consideration settings (Lesser 2000). All the more espe cially, incorporated consideration is very effective when administrations are given through co-area, explicitly, when psychological wellness medical attendants work cooperatively with essential consideration doctors in a similar office (McCulloch, Friedli and Parker 2002). In this type of incorporated set up, psychological well-being attendants and PCPs examine as often as possible the requirements and requests of patients, in a few cases, visit a patient together to distinguish the most reasonable treatment process (Keady, Clarke and Page 2007). Research on coordinated consideration has demonstrated significant positive results, for example, decreased misery and improved personal satisfaction of grown-ups according to a ‘treated’ control gathering, and nervousness free periods for people with alarm issue, diminished in-tolerant affirmations, and decreased patient despondency levels (Knapp, McDaid, Mossialos and Thornicroft 2007). Moreover, proof shows that patients dec ide to get psychological well-being care inside their essential consideration condition, uncover less marks of shame about acquiring mental assistance, and feel ameliorated by the idea that their medical caretakers are associated with treatment (Knapp et al. 2007). Eventually, in a present examination of in excess of 60 coordinated consideration examinations, Blount (2003) found that, for the most part, incorporated consideration produced upgraded clinical results, improved supplier and patient fulfillment, and improved cost viability. Justification for the powerful results include the simplicity of mental medicinal services access inside a typical setting, yet additionally include the contribution of attendants in the psychological social insurance needs of patients just as the respite of attendants by the idea th

Global Economic Crisis-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignement

Question: Compose a report on Globalization and additionally the Current Global Economic Crisis. Answer: The current worldwide monetary situation has been encountering the ramifications of a universal wonder known as the Globalization. The term globalization shows towards an increasingly open and interconnected worldwide system, which encourages the free and simple exchange of merchandise and ventures across various nations. As can be checked from the idea of the term of globalization, the marvel is relied upon to encourage universal exchange significantly and is likewise expected to encourage the inside cost adequacy of those enterprises of the nations in which the nation encounters relative points of interest underway, in this way taking the concerned economies on the way of improvement (Beck, 2015, pp 9-10). Nonetheless, Globalization, however is required to effectsly affect the general worldwide economy, it is anyway expected to have a few negative ramifications on those nations which are creating or are at low phases of advancement and in which the state of the economies are delicate. This may happen in light of the fact that in a large portion of such economies the modern divisions are either nearly non-existent or are at newborn child state. In such a situation, Globalization, by opening the nations to passage of outside proficient organizations who can represent a genuine danger to the development and extension of the local ventures (Kaplinsky, 2013). Hence, it very well may be normal that the Globalization may have a contorted and slanted impact on the general situation of worldwide financial aspects as the advantages are for the most part expected to be collected to the created nations. Nonetheless, poor people and low created nations face the danger of missing out financial force and development perspectives which may hamper their development over the long haul. The paper attempts to examine the upsides and downsides of Globalization in this perspective. References Beck, U. (2015).What is globalization?. John Wiley Sons, 9-10. Kaplinsky, R. (2013).Globalization, destitution and disparity: Between two difficult situations. John Wiley Sons.

Employee selection and training

Representative determination and preparing The job of modern/hierarchical brain science in choosing and preparing representatives Industrial brain science alludes to the use of mental ideas in tackling issues in the work environment. Much of the time such a procedure involves concocting answers for issues related with execution of workers notwithstanding managing other authoritative concerns. Mechanical brain science likewise focuses on directing examinations on various arrangements of conduct communicated in an association as found in the idea of connections among laborers and management.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Employee choice and preparing explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Psychology can be applied in an organization’s preparing programs through distinguishing proof of reasons for inside clashes and the answers for such clashes. Assessing and creating methods for worker determination and evaluation strategies can be accomplished utilizing modern brain science. A therapist helps in planning a choice and preparing program for an association through surveying corporate administration abilities and techniques for representative inspiration (Stone and Mark 1997). Various reviews have been completed to decide the utilization of mechanical/association brain science in the U.S. it is set up that the utilization of therapists in privately owned businesses, government associations and organizations is on the ascent. It has likewise been built up that huge associations are the significant clients of the ideas in hierarchical brain science as apparent in General Motors Corp, PepsiCo, Inc, IBM, ATT among others. They have in any event one clinician working with them. Various organizations look for brain research advisors for help as opposed to recruiting analysts. The legislature is known to utilize therapists. A model is obvious in the government office of Personnel Management which has a various therapists working with them. The military likewise ha s utilized clinicians to work with them a model being in the U.S. Armed force Research establishment. In every one of these associations, the analysts for the most part work in the zones of execution evaluation, faculty determination, authoritative and initiative brain research. In the wake of breaking down an associations issue, a therapist utilizes various strategies to address the issue and recommend potential arrangements. A case of such a strategy is the utilization of designing brain science. This strategy tends to the human issues in an association by utilizing structure in an organization’s apparatus which as a rule considers human impediments. This is clear in the enormous American enterprises whose sole target is to make benefit. The moral concerns clear in such a procedure is changing employee’s observation to be more in accordance with benefit making in this manner a preoccupation from various good ideas (Malhotra 2007).Advertising Looking for examine paper on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another method utilized is staff brain science as apparent in the military. This strategy focuses on the contrasts between people. Over the long haul it manages points of interest of determination and enlistment. The moral concern is clear in the capacity of such a procedure to adjust the objectives and belief systems of the work force to be in accordance with those of the country. Inspiration and administration is an ordinarily utilized procedure in non military areas of government as obvious in government offices. The legitimate concern is that such a procedure isn't grounded on law. The utility of the logical determination of workers Experts in the field propose that so as to choose and enlist the best representatives, a recruiting methodology that is experimentally based ought to be utilized. These techniques convey suitable outcomes if appropriately actualize d. These methodologies guarantee that an association makes an occupation benchmark that is dependable particularly regarding insights. Another bit of leeway of utilizing the logical based worker determination procedure is that an association actualizes an un-one-sided representative choice program. Choosing and employing the best ability accessible in the field is an additional bit of leeway that this methodology guarantees. It is significant that if such a system is utilized, an organization’s execution is probably going to improve. In the process an association is probably going to diminish its worker turnover which normally emerges from representatives who don't fit the bill for specific assignments. Another significant factor in the activity of choosing and preparing representatives deductively is setting up a procedure that precisely decides the best speculation adventures. To achieve ideal outcomes on such ventures it is fitting to feature explicit occupation necessitie s. It is likewise significant that an association adjusts to a preparation program that will achieve by and large improvement in execution. It is fitting that an association distinguishes development openings with an end goal to address cultural issues. This can be accomplished using character instruments that are ground-breaking enough to identify an individual’s needs. After this procedure, an association plans a modified technique outfitted towards dealing with an employee’s talent.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Employee choice and preparing explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are situations where logical determination and preparing of laborers can not be applied similar to the situation when a supposition that is made concerning the nearness of an entrepreneur framework which thusly prompts a programmed increment in benefits and proficiency of laborers. It is anyway conceivable to utilize logical determination m ethod in an association where there is an away from of power and undertaking specialization (Malhotra 2007). References Malhotra, N. (2007). Survey of Marketing Research. New York, NY: M.E. Sharpe Stone, P. Imprint, C. (1997). Hierarchical Psychology. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate

Weekend in Kendall Square

Weekend in Kendall Square This weekend, as I was reading the Sunday Globe magazine like I  usually do on a Sunday morning with the dog, my partner, and the wood stove cranking  (even when its too warm out), I flipped to a big section titled 24 hours in Kendall Square. Dont you still have that gift certificate for two nights at the Marriott in Cambridge? asked my partner now peering over my shoulder to see what I was reading.  And werent we going to pick a weekend in March to hang out in the city? she asked again. Well, I was thinking more like April or May when its nice out again, I answered while reaching for my coffee cup near my slippered foot on the coffee table. And then I remembered the bulletin boards in the Infinite Corridor. I cant seem to make it to my office in the morning without stopping a half a dozen times along the way to see whats going on around campus.  The other day I read a flyer about a media lab talk with the new director and I had to email Chris, who was in the middle of committee still. Hey, they are having this talk tomorrow night thought you might be interested free food.   I commute three hours a day to my job at MIT and I get home when its dark and late with barely enough time to put something together for dinner for the teenagers who live in my basement (mine).  And at this time of year especially, Im usually back on the computer again for a little while at night. Youd think the last place Id want to be on a weekend is roaming the infinite, but March just happens to be hopping with great things going on.   Come to think of it, Id rather be at the Cape in May so a March Kendall Square weekend might actually be perfect. And heres how it could play out. Saturday Morning:  A jog along the Charles River and breakfast at Clover. Then an afternoon at the List Gallery to see the two current exhibits. Its Womens History Month in March and the Women and Gender Studies  program at MIT is sponsoring a really great film series all month with films Id love to see, like this one. Dinner at  Hungry Mother.    Only the best restaurant ever in Kendall Square.  And  to top it all off,  a performance in Kresge of Steve Reichs Electric Counterpoint.  I can hear my partner groaning now.  Electric Counterpoint?    Although  Pat Metheny does it best.  Yep, shes groaning again. The arts are alive and well at MIT. Come visit.  Ill see you in March!

Suicide and Suicide Prevention on the Navajo Reservation - Free Essay Example

In the United States, suicide is the tenth leading cause of death. Over fifty thousand individuals are subject to suicide annually. By definition, suicide is defined as death caused by self-directed injurious behavior with intent to die as result of the behavior (Websters Dictionary, 2018). White teenagers aged 15-24 have a suicide rate of 25.5 per 100,000 deaths per year. On the other hand, Native American teenagers aged 15-24 have a suicide rate of 43 per 100,000 deaths per year. Within that portion, suicide rates for the Navajo people averages at 17.48 per 100,000 (National Institute of Mental Health, 2018). The high prevalence of mortality by suicide within the Navajo Nation raises questions about why this happens and what can be done to reduce and possibly even prevent this epidemic from plaguing the Navajo youth. Population The Navajo reservation is over 27,000 square miles and spans into New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. The Navajo people have a population of over 300,000 enrolled tribal members. There are only five federal service units that provide healthcare to the Navajo people. More surprisingly, there are only 10 grocery stores. The median household income is $22,000 versus the United States average of $42,000 (Navajo Nation Division of Economic Development, n.d.). Analyzing Potential Suicide Causes According to Kathryn Murphy NP, CS, MSN, suicide can occur due to but not limited to the following reasons: relationship problems, substance abuse, depression, and sexual or physical abuse (Murphy, 2005). These same reasons hold true for the Navajo community but at increased rates. There are many environmental factors and social determinants that increase the likelihood of depression, substance abuse, and relationship problems. Social Isolation Native Americans have long experienced disconnection from the rest of the country † their reservations are generally placed on harsh, remote, and sparsely populated lands with little economic potential, separated from modern-day markets for goods, as well as higher education and health care. The isolation of these communities presents a host of challenges. These challenges include the lack of access to even the most basic of services, such as running water and electricity, transportation issues, and very few employment opportunities. Unemployment rates as of March 2018 for the Navajo Nation was approximately 7.6%, which is more than twice the national average (CDC, 2018). Rural and destitution of the reservation makes unemployment rates high, and rough and very distant terrain makes it difficult to travel to and from work. In fact, many Navajo do not have sufficient transportation to get to work. Largely disconnected from the rest of the American economy, Navajos have generally been denied a share of national prosperity, so being out of sight means that reservations are often overlooked when improvements come to more populated areas (Smith, 2012). This form of social isolation for the Navajo Nation occurs via remote location but is reinforced by the digital age. Fiber optics cables along with satellite and wireless links could deliver the benefits of modernity to reservations, helping lift Native American communities out of isolation and poverty. But often times, cable companies offering service may not want to support such isolated reservations, and the cost of monthly internet payments also inhibit many individuals to purchase service. Less than ten percent of homes on tribal lands have broadband Internet service † a rate that is lower than in some developing countries (Smith, 2012). Without reliable access to the Internet, many Native Americans find themselves increasingly isolated, missing out on opportunities to secure jobs, earning degrees thr ough online classes, and reaching health care providers. Historical Trauma Cultural Disconnectedness Similarly, to the Tuskegee syphilis study, much of the distrust from the Native Americans have stemmed from very traumatic events that still linger within many Native American reservations. One attempt at eliminating Native Americans was an event called the Long Walk, which occurred in the mid 1860s. This genocidal event, in which the federal government forced as many as 8,500 Navajo to leave their native lands and walk nearly 300 miles in harsh winter conditions to Bosque Redondo in New Mexico, killed nearly 2,000 Navajo people (Legends of America, 2018). Youth suicide was once virtually unheard of in Indian tribes. A system of child protection, sustained by tribal child-rearing practices and beliefs, flourished among Native Americans, and everyone in a community was responsible for the safeguarding of young people. But these child-rearing practices were often lost as the federal government sought to assimilate native people and placed children † often against their parents wishes † in boarding schools that were designed to immerse Indian children in Euro-American culture (Braveheart and Bird, 2013). The federal government was under the impression that forcing Navajo children to attend and actively participate in white boarding schools would assimilate the Navajo people and force them to accept white mens beliefs and values. For many Navajo parents who refused to put their children in the boarding schools, children were seized and sent to live with white families. Children were given white clothing, new names, and were for bidden from speaking their native language, which was then replaced with English. Historical trauma has afflicted generations of the Navajo communities and has created a generation gap of cultural loss between the older and younger generations of Navajo. Cultural connectedness can be defined as the integrated system of learned behavior patterns-the religion, customs, manners, traditions, food, music, dance, art, history, and language which are characteristic of the members of a society (Bhatt, 2015). In some ways, our culture and our cultural beliefs become part of who we are. A strong sense of cultural identity is important to a childs mental health and wellbeing, because sharing a strong cultural identity gives 1. A development and sense of belonging to a particular community, and 2. Engage and connect socially, and even spiritually with others. In turn, this exchange of cultural knowledge and acceptance create ease and confidence, reducing the risk of depression and anxiety. However, much of the cultural disconnect in the Navajo community have therefore, turned into family disconnect, often accompanied by neglect, abuse, and eventually substance abuse by a culturally sensitive adolescent in their proceeding adult years. Prevention Currently, there are five Indian Health Service units that serve over 244,000 people. The community health department and the Navajo Nation Behavioral Health Services have attempted to raise more awareness by hosting community outreach events and through educational approaches. The behavioral health department has also implemented their own counselors to further serve the Navajo people. Although there are mental health providers, the statistics show that improvement is still needed. To reduce the suicide rate in the Navajo Nation, we can make a more focused approach to the youth of the community. Our youth strategy would identify development challenges and issues facing youth today, and more importantly offer a forward-looking outlook for their future. We would have strategic entry points and engagement of a broad range of partners, including young people themselves, in addressing youth empowerment issues in their community. By Implementing the Youth Empowerment Strategy in elementary schools, we hope that students can freely discuss their environment, their home setting, and the things they see around them. By engaging young students in conversation, we hope that it will empower them to look past issues related to poverty, substance abuse, etc., and give hope to the children, so they will not fall victim to suicide, substance abuse, poverty, etc. A simple yet effective way of reducing the suicidal rate in the Navajo community is to identify youth that are at risk of suicide. We can be knowledgeable and correctly identify at risk youth through first aid. We will implement a Youth Mental Health First Aid Program into local reservation high schools, that is not limited to just students but to the rest of the community as well. The program called YMHFA or Youth Mental Health First Aid is an 8-hour certification course that will teach those are interested how to identify mental health problems like anxiety, depression, substance use, disorders in which psychosis may occur, disruptive behavior disorders (including ADHD), and eating disorders. As a first aider, you are also trained to refer youth to appropriate services, and reduce stigma surrounding mental health issues. The Youth Mental Health First Aid program would allow the youth to talk to other youth from their community who understand what they are going through. It is diffi cult to explain reservation life and all it entails to an outsider; this program would also increase awareness and destigmatize mental health. If Parents are educated about mental health through the Youth Mental Health First Aid program, it would also reduce the suicide rate. Parents see their child on a daily basis and the YMHFA would educate the parent about mental health. The parent would be able to see the warning signs and reach out to their child. A long-term solution would be to build a community center. The community center will offer services and activities such as sports/recreational activities, academic enrichment (tutoring, academic activities), arts and humanities, family engagement that would include cultural activities, character development, mentoring programs (college/career), mental health/substance abuse counseling and employment services. The ultimate goal of the community center aims to prevent youth from entering the vicious cycle of drug and alcohol abuse and bring a sense of community to the Navajo Nation. Conclusion Mortality through suicide continues to be the second main cause of death for adolescents aged 10-19 in the Navajo community. Often times suicide is looked at more clinically, such as through the lens of mental health instability and depression. But for many of the adolescents in the community, the exposure to poverty, substance abuse, social isolation, poor diet, lack of community and familial connection, and lack of access to adequate care are risk factors of suicide. In other words, suicide is more than just a set of symptoms, but can be reflected in what an individual experiences. 60% of our health and wellness can be correlated to our social prevalence in the community, the surrounding environment, and our behavior and interactions with others. Our health is our mental stability, and without any adequate support, it is easy for an adolescent to be affected by the impoverishment and limited opportunities given. This is why instead of addressing the issue of suicide as ways to cope with emotion as a juvenile, support starts now. A pre-preventative method should be established to schools in the community from elementary schools for students to free express their emotions and problems with others that may have difficulty living without strong parental bonds, resources, and role models. In addition, an effort to recognize symptoms displayed by individual adolescents who may have thoughts of suicide can be easily addressed by being trained to properly handle someone. And lastly, as a long-term solution, community stability and community connection can be achieved by providing a safe space with resources for both children and adults utilize in order to establish financial and mental stability and promote a healthy physical and mental being within the entire community suicide should not be a leading cause of mortality within any youth group. Preventing suicide is achievable through our proposed pl an that is both achievable and inexpensive. Works Cited Alaimo, K., Olson, C. M., Frongillo, E. A. (2002, April 01). Family Food Insufficiency, but Not Low Family Income, Is Positively Associated with Dysthymia and Suicide Symptoms in Adolescents | The Journal of Nutrition | Oxford Academic. Retrieved July 23, 2018, from https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/132/4/719/4687337 Almendrala, A. (2016, December 20). Native American Youth Suicide Rates Are At Crisis Levels. Retrieved July 16, 2018, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/native-american-youth-suicide-rates-are-at-crisis-levels_us_560c3084e4b0768127005591 Ahtone, T., Yazzie, J. (2015, December 14). Navajo Nations nutrition crisis. Retrieved July 22, 2018, from https://projects.aljazeera.com/2015/12/navajo-malnutrition/ Bhatt, Mamta. Understanding Culture and Cultural Connectedness. Cambridge CAE Speaking Sample Test 1. Cambridge Practice Tests, 6 July 2015. www.greenwichcollege.edu.au/understading-culture-cultural-connectedness Brave Heart, M., PhD, Bird, D. M., MPH. (2013, April 26). Historical Trauma and Suicide [Scholarly project]. Retrieved July 15, 2018, from https://www.ihs.gov/telebehavioral/includes/themes/newihstheme/display_objects/documents/slides/historicaltrauma/htsuicide_042613.pdf Donahue, Emily G., (2017). UNDERSTANDING SUICIDE IN THE NAVAJO POPULATION. Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=auashbrook1493839625853056disposition=inline Gaynor, M. L. (2014, October 25). Diet and Depression. Retrieved July 16, 2018, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/your-genetic-destiny/201410/diet-and-depression Horwitz, S. (2014, March 09). The hard lives and high suicide rate of Native American children on reservations. Retrieved July 18, 2018, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/the-hard-livesand-high-suicide-rateof-native-american-children/2014/03/09/6e0ad9b2-9f03-11e3-b8d8-94577ff66b28_story.html?noredirect=onutm_term=.2fd5b0c5a0b9 McLaughlin, Sue. (2010, October). Traditions and Diabetes Prevention: A Healthy Path for Native Americans. American Diabetes Association. Retrieved from https://spectrum.diabetesjournals.org/content/23/4/272 Murphy, Kathryn. (2005, December). What can you do to prevent teen suicide? Nursing 2005, volume 35, pp. 43-45. Retrieved from https://journals.lww.com/nursing/Fulltext/2005/12000/What_can_you_do_to_prevent_teen_suicide_.47.aspx National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, May). Suicide. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/suicide.shtml N/A. Navajo Long Walk to the Bosque Redondo. Legends of America. 18 May 2013. www.legendsofamerica.com/na-navajolongwalk/ Smith, Gerry. On Tribal Lands, Digital Divide Brings New Form of Isolation. The Huffington Post. 23 Apr 2012. www.thehuffingtonpost.com/2012/04/20/digital-divide-tribal-lands_n_1403046.html The Navajo Nation Division of Economic Development. (n.d.) An overview of the Navajo Nation Demographics. Retrieved from https://navajobusiness.com/fastFacts/demographics.htm Wu, L. T., Woody, G. E., Yang, C., Pan, J. J., Blazer, D. G. (2011). Racial/ethnic variations in substance-related disorders among adolescents in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(11), 1176-1185.

Americ Red, White, And Green - 1678 Words

America: Red, White, and Green. Weed, grass, and bud are all names for one of the most misunderstood plants in the world: marijuana. Through the use of government slandering propaganda and stereotyping, many people have tunnel vision when it comes to the controversial issue. Many view marijuana as a harmful drug, not realizing all of the economic, resourceful, and medical uses that can generate from it. These are the same people who want to keep marijuana illegal and out of the public s hands. Only in the past twenty years has marijuana made progress with the United States Government by legalizing medical and recreational marijuana in select states. Within this short time frame, several states have seen unmistakable results with the increase in state revenue, decrease in crime rates, and overall better living for its citizens. The states that have legalized marijuana are proving to be valuable examples to the other more conservative states that are being hesitant when it comes down t o legalization; â€Å"this summer, the Marijuana Policy Project, one of NORML s [National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws] allies, announced an ambitious goal: legalize marijuana in ten additional states, including California, by 2017† (Thomson-Deveaux). Due to medical and economical findings, public opinion on marijuana has drastically altered from general disapproval to acceptance; which can not only be useful for the citizen, but prove invaluable to the patient. For thousands of

Finding The Link Between Processed Foods And The Causes Of...

LaKisha Brown English 120 Research Paper Spring 2016 Finding the Link between processed foods and the causes of Adult and Childhood Obesity Many families today face a pandemic as the prevalence of childhood obesity has more than doubled since the 1970s. There is a growing number of healthcare professionals who believe this increase is due to the lack of physical activity, energy dense and additive rich foods and over-consumption. Food is essential to what we need to live. The nutrients we get from food keeps us alive and well. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that over 25 million people in America have been diagnosed with diabetes. Of that number, 215,000 are children and 69% are overweight and obese.†¦show more content†¦We begin to feel guilty as we now see this epidemic is now effecting or has spread to pre-school aged children. No ethic group has been spared. All races, socioeconomic strata are seeing a rise in obesity numbers. This is a true public health emergency. To start, let’s define the term â€Å"obesity†. The most obvious definition is â€Å"excessive body fat†. Author J. Clinton states in, Understanding Childhood Obesity, the ideal method of defining obesity from a medical perspective would be to match a child’s or young adult’s weight with the undesirable outcomes-such as heart attacks-experienced by the person later on in life (Clinton 118). Some scientist say the number of health problems due to obesity are relatively small when compared to other chronic conditions such as asthma (Clinton 24). There are many that would argue that it is not a small problem and it should not be devalued especially when study after study shows that the obesity numbers in adults and youth steadily are rising year over year. In fact, those numbers have tripled in adolescents in the past 30yrs and many are concerned about the effects of processed food on a child’s overall health. Why does there seem to be a connection between processed foods and the obesity epidemic? We know that the human body uses food to produce energy and uses the types of food we consume to determine how the energy gets used. When you consume foods like

The Influence of Teachers Words and Actions

Teachers can have a huge influence on their students.  This goes much deeper than the lessons they teach. You only have to reflect on your own time in school to realize how positive or negative experiences can stick with you for the rest of your life. Educators need to remember that they hold great power over students in their hands. Words Can Uplift By encouraging a struggling student and explaining how she can be successful, a teacher  can change that student’s career. A perfect example of this happened to my niece. She had moved recently and began attending a new school in ninth grade. She struggled through most of her first semester, earning D’s and F’s. However, she had one teacher who saw that she was smart and just needed some extra help. Amazingly, this teacher spoke to her only once. He explained that the difference between earning an F or a C would require just a bit of extra effort on her part. He promised that if she spent just 15 minutes a day on homework, she would see a huge improvement. Most importantly, he told her that he knew she could do it. The effect was like flicking a switch. She became a straight-A student and to this day loves learning and reading. Words Can Harm By contrast, teachers can make subtle comments intended to be positive -- but are actually hurtful. For example, one of my best friends in school took  AP classes. She always earned B’s and never stood out in class. However, when she took her AP English test, she scored a 5, the highest possible mark. She also earned 4’s on two other AP exams. When she returned to school after the summer break, one of her teachers saw her in the hall and told her that she was shocked that my friend had earned such a high score. The teacher even told my friend that she had underestimated her. While at first my friend was delighted with the praise, she said that after some reflection, she was annoyed that her teacher didn’t see how hard she had worked or that she excelled in AP English. Years later, my friend -- now an adult -- says she still feels hurt when she thinks about the incident. This teacher likely only meant to praise my friend, but this faint praise led to hurt feelings decades after this brief hallway discussion. The Donkey Something as simple as role-playing can bruise a students ego, sometimes for life. For example, one of my students spoke of a former teacher she really liked and admired. Yet, she recalled a lesson he presented that really upset her. The class was discussing the barter system. The teacher gave each student a role: One student was a farmer and the other was the farmer’s wheat. The farmer then traded his wheat to another farmer in exchange for a donkey. My students role was to be the farmer’s donkey. She knew that the teacher simply picked kids at random and assigned them roles. Yet, she said that for years after the lesson, she always felt that the teacher had picked her as a donkey because she was overweight and ugly. Words Stick With Students The example illustrates that a teachers words can really stick with students for their entire lives. I know that I have tried to be more careful with what I tell students each day. I’m not perfect, but I hope that I am more thoughtful and less damaging to my students in the long run.

Presidential Debate Essay - 817 Words

Presidential Debate Al Gore and Governor George W. Bush are running for the Presidency. The two candidates are in Presidential Debate to allow the voters to get an understanding of where they each stand on certain positions and policies. Bush and Gore have some similarities and differences on certain positions and policies discussed in the Presidential Debates. Education is an issue discussed in the Presidential Debate. Bush and Gore both agree that there is nothing more precious than educating a child. The two Presidential Candidates support the issue of spending $170 billion over 10 years for children in public schools to achieve high standards. They each want to rebuild outdated buildings, modernize schools, and wiring†¦show more content†¦For instance, Gore supports the current child tax credit of $500, but Bush supports doubling the child tax credit to $1,000. Bush pledges to veto any income tax increase. Also, their proposals for the non-Social Security surplus differs. Bush prop oses to use the non-Social Security surplus in the following manner: $1.3 trillion tax cut; $475 billion in spending on domestic programs; and $265 billion in reserve. He would eliminate the national debt by 2016. Gore proposes to use the $2.17 non-Social Security surplus in the following manner: $480 billion in targeted tax cuts; $360 billion to shore up the Medicare program; $870 billion in spending on domestic programs; and $300 billion would be left in reserve. His proposal would eliminate the national debt by 2012. Another policy that Bush and Gore agree mostly on is Health Care. The two Presidential Candidates both support the childrens health insurance program (CHIP). Bush and Gore agree on allowing low-income parents to buy into CHIP. They each support the issue of using part of the federal budget surplus to offer a voluntary prescription drug benefit for Medicare beneficiaries. 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Aging in Family and Marriage Free Essays

People in society have a longer life-span now than ever before in the history of man.   The population of old people and â€Å"old old† people are increasing every year making a four generation family – consisting of children, parents, grandparents and great-grandparents – the norm in society. In the late 19th century the amount of people in their senior years (i. We will write a custom essay sample on Aging in Family and Marriage or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. 65 years old and above), given a total population of 23.2 million people was 600,000 which increased tremendously in the 20th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, the amount of old people were at 3.1 million given a population of 76,000,000 and in 1975, with a population of 235,000,000, there were 21.8 million senior citizens in society, making it an 8 percent increase in old people in a span of 75 years. With that percentage growth, there are definitely more â€Å"old old† people currently in society and it cannot be doubted that the amount of â€Å"old old† people affects society in numerous ways.  Ã‚   For this study, the effect of the aging population on the most basic institution of society will be discussed – the family. Aging definitely affects people’s lives and proportionally affects the lives of the people around those who are aging.   Since the family is the basic unit of society, the effect of aging on the family and the changes that occur in that social unit because of aging will be discussed. When we speak of family, this entails the relationships between parent and child as well as husband and wife. Aging has an impact on these relationships that cannot be ignored by the rest of society as the family represents the foundation of society and thus if any changes occur within that framework then it cannot be questioned that these changes influence the dynamics that transpire with the society as a whole. Aging and the Family According to Andre Cherline (1983), historically, old people continued to hold the power and authority over the family until the day they died.   This was the case mainly because it was the elders who had ownership of all the properties and resources of that family, which the heir will only be able to handle the moment the patriarch of that family has bequeathed his possession in a will, after his death. Thus, older people were normally respected and feared by the younger generation albeit not loved. (7)   Ã‚  This is especially true since it is in itself an accomplishment to grow old because to be old at that time would mean that the person has survived all the diseases in a time when medicine was not at all as advanced as it is today. Although an accomplishment, it creates resentment in the younger generation especially if the younger generation has reached adulthood since the old man controls the family’s resources, the adult child had to be dependent on the old man until such time that he passes away. This no longer holds true in this day and age.   Familial relations are not as feudalistic as it used to be during colonial times.   The dynamics of the family are no longer such that the parent has full control of the resources of the family. Although, parents may have possessions that they accumulated throughout the years of hard work that they may want to bequeath to their children, the financial stability of the children are no longer fully dependent on these resources as they can independently work for their own wages and accumulate their own wealth apart from that of their parents. However, the presence of old people poses a problem of idleness wherein they are â€Å"too old to work but too young to die† (Freedman, 1999).   In 1952, insurance companies decided that the best way to care for the elderly was to insure them with pension upon retirement. The marketing ploy was to make retirement a leisure trip – no kids, no responsibilities, no worries – which they coined the â€Å"Golden Years.† Due to this, most elderly people availed of a pension plan making them absolutely independent of their children while enjoying the rest of their life in comfort and leisure. (1)   Given this independence of each other, the relationship between adult child and parent are normally more favorable than during the colonial times, wherein the parent and child may develop a more emotionally satisfying relationship which is warm, close and affectionate. (Cherline, p.8) This, however, does not hold true for the elderly who are dependent on their children for financial support.   It is common that the parent had spent all their income for the upbringing and education of their children and so upon retirement there are financially incapable of supporting themselves or even enjoying the â€Å"Golden Years.† In cases like these, the relationship between parent and child may be tense and the dynamics of the family of the adult child will have to change and adjust itself to the presence of the elderly parent. The strain or benefit that the elderly parent will cause to its adult child may differ per situation.   First, assuming that the adult child has his own family, the strain may be caused by the elderly parent’s relationship with the in-law. Depending on how intrusive the elderly parent is, his presence will cause a strain in the marriage of his adult children.   Apart from the possible abrasive nature of the elderly parent, the strain may originate from the extra expense in caring for the elderly parent as well. Assuming that the adult child is divorced the strain in the parent-child relationship maybe greater.   Divorce in itself is a very traumatic experience for those involved in the process and so the divorcee is normally both emotionally sensitive and financially unstable. The strain with the elder parent can come in two forms: the disapproval of the elder parent of the divorce and the expense of caring for an elder parent in a situation when finances, due to the divorce, are extremely tight.   (15) However, the presence of an elder parent in a newly divorced adult child can also have benefits which can strengthen the relationship between the parent and the adult child. The adult child may find his/her emotional support from the present parent as well as help the adult-child in caring for the children, household and finances (granted that the elder parent is financially able).   (16)   Whatever the case maybe, it is through the relations of the elderly with their family that the elderly are able to maintain their social identity.   (18)   Through their connections to their family – with their children, with their grand children and great-grandchildren – the elderly find purpose and meaning to an otherwise â€Å"purposeless† aging existence when they cannot work and contribute to the society or are too young to die. By providing the emotional support for their children their relationship are strengthened.   Through the caring and sharing in the raising and upbringing of the grandchildren, their contributions to the welfare of the children’s disposition ultimately contributes to the well-being of society. Although, these relationships may not be always peachy, the contribution and influence over their children and their grandchildren is apparent and allows them to continue to become a function of society. Aging and Marriage In marriage, aging has a very direct consequence and influence.   Assuming that both partners are still alive, the interaction of the spouses within their relationship change proportionately with their age because of their emotional maturity as well as deteriorating physical health. In terms of physical health, physiological complication causes the deterioration of physical intimacy within an elderly couple.   Both the ovarian function in females and the testicular function in males deteriorate as they age. Apart from these physiological changes, psychological changes occur as well.   Especially for men, the inability to sexually perform, the loss of the role of leader and breadwinner, and the extra time to notice everything else may cause depression.   Thus, there is a greater need for emotional support, affirmation, acceptance and trust from the spouse.   (Metz, 1998) As a result of these needs and the compensation for the lack of physical intimacy, elderly couples claim that they have a better relationship with their spouses as they now consider them their best friends.   (Appleton Bohm, 2001) (Fahey, 2001). As Appleton Bohm succinctly puts it (2001), elder couples have relationships where â€Å"myths dissipate, reality sets in and marital identity takes hold. Communication patterns solidify, knowledge expands and reliance on collaborative-cooperative styles of dispute resolution increases.† How to cite Aging in Family and Marriage, Essays

Effect of agriculture on our environment Essay Example For Students

Effect of agriculture on our environment Essay Effects of Agriculture on the Environment Introduction: Agriculture has changed dramatically, especially since the end of World War II. Food and fibre productivity rose due to new technologies, mechanization, increased chemical use, specialization and government policies that favoured maximizing production. These changes allowed fewer farmers with reduced labour demands to produce the majority of the food and fibre. Humans, like all other species, exploit their surroundings for the resources they need to survive. Our current exploitation of the world, however, is greater than those of most species. There are many reasons for this exploitation but we will focus on one and that is our technology, which is used for various purposes. Like a few other species, we use tools, but the hand-held tools that we originally used could only adjust extremely local conditions. Today we are able to shape entire regions and our technology has progressed to the point where we can level mountains and control the flow of rivers, something that was simply impossible a relatively short while ago. We can now modify our world relatively easily and quickly. Agriculture is the major farming activity. Agricultures scale means not only that large area is directly affected, but that local and even regional climates can be affected. The draining of water from rivers and watersheds for irrigation leads to drier natural habitats. Those rivers that receive runoff from farmland are often poisoned by excessive nutrients and pesticides. As agriculture has become more intensive, farmers have become capable of producing higher yields using less labour and less land. Growth of the agriculture has not, however, been an unmixed blessing. It, like every other thing, has its pros and cons. Topsoil depletion, groundwater contamination, the decline of family farms, continued neglect of the living and working conditions for farm labourers, increasing costs of production, and the disintegration of economic and social conditions in rural communities. These are the cons of the new improved agriculture. Environmental impacts have increased, including potential ruin of the soil and water resources essential to both farm productivity and human health. Agriculture also leads to soil erosion, both through rainfall and wind. This soil can damage the aquatic ecosystems it ends up in, and the loss of nutrients can result in productive farmland becoming barren. Damage to Soil: Soil erosion from farmland pressurizes the production of agricultural fields and causes a number of problems in the environment. It takes up to three hundred years for one inch of agricultural topsoil to form so soil that is lost is essentially irreplaceable. The consequences for long-term crop yields have not been sufficiently measured. The amount of erosion varies from one field to another. This depends on the type of soil, the slope of the field, the drainage patterns and the crop management practices. The effects of the erosion vary also. The areas that are better able to sustain erosion without loss of productivity are areas with deep organic loams. This is more sustainable than the areas where topsoils are shallower. Erosion removes the surface soils, containing most of the organic matter, plant nutrients, and fine soil particles, which help to retain water and nutrients in the root zone where they are available to plants. Thus it affects the productivity of plants. The remaining, the subsoil, tends to be less fertile, less absorbent and less able to retain pesticides, fertilizers, and other plant nutrients. There are over 17,000 soil types recognized worldwide. They vary widely in structure, erodibility, fertility, and ability to produce crops. A generalized soil profile for a humid, temperate climate is showed. .uc750fbea65e291f4bc4969b097820713 , .uc750fbea65e291f4bc4969b097820713 .postImageUrl , .uc750fbea65e291f4bc4969b097820713 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc750fbea65e291f4bc4969b097820713 , .uc750fbea65e291f4bc4969b097820713:hover , .uc750fbea65e291f4bc4969b097820713:visited , .uc750fbea65e291f4bc4969b097820713:active { border:0!important; } .uc750fbea65e291f4bc4969b097820713 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc750fbea65e291f4bc4969b097820713 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc750fbea65e291f4bc4969b097820713:active , .uc750fbea65e291f4bc4969b097820713:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc750fbea65e291f4bc4969b097820713 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc750fbea65e291f4bc4969b097820713 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc750fbea65e291f4bc4969b097820713 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc750fbea65e291f4bc4969b097820713 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc750fbea65e291f4bc4969b097820713:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc750fbea65e291f4bc4969b097820713 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc750fbea65e291f4bc4969b097820713 .uc750fbea65e291f4bc4969b097820713-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc750fbea65e291f4bc4969b097820713:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: There are two different parts to this play one is Essay When the natural vegetation is cleared for agriculture, soils become exposed to erosion and loss of soil fertility. The removal of the above-ground natural vegetative cover and subsequent ploughing and preparation for row crop planting, also destroys plant roots which would otherwise help alleviate the soil. Soils disturbed by ploughing and cultivation are flat to erosion by water runoff and wind. Much of the eroded sediment eventually is deposited in streams, rivers, lakes, and the ocean. When the sediments enter waterways, habitat quality for aquatic plants and animals may decline, as well as water quality for human use. The effects of erosion are also felt elsewhere in the environment. Eroded .

An Analysis of Ta

An Analysis of Ta-Nehisi Coates Between the World and Me, and OJ Simpsons Experiences Essay Identity and the Black American Experience : An Analysis of Ta-Nehisi Coates’ and OJ Simpson’s Experiences The black American experience is quite complicated. It takes many forms, but the oppressions black people face all stem from similar roots. One of the most important points that Ta-Nehisi Coates makes in his book, Between the World and Me, is that white America depends on black oppression for their success and progress. We consider ourselves exceptional, the melting pot of the world, a diverse and post-racial society. However, none of this is really true. Coates challenges our belief that we are exceptional. He outlines what it is like to be black in America in an attempt to relay to his son what his experiences have been and what he should expect. While Coates speaks to his son, and America, about his experiences, OJ Simpson has had a quite different experience with race. He saw himself as exempt from blackness because he was embraced by white America and made into a star worldwide. While on the surface, OJ Simpson may seem like the exception to Coates’s point, I would argue that he is not. His success spoke to the black community and for the black community. Had he not been twice as better than his white counterparts, he would not have been half as successful. In America, we glorify black athletes because they further our own causes, while simultaneously abusing black bodies and justifying it because of our necessity to hold them to a higher moral standard. We can see how this plays out when we dig deeper into what Coates is saying and how OJ attempted to separate himself from this. Ta-Nehisi Coates’s book Between the World and Me was written to be a letter to his son about being black in America. He reflects on his childhood, struggling to understand his identity through the context of the streets and the school, neither of which he felt he really belonged to. â€Å"Unfit for the schools, and in good measure wanting to be unfit for them, and lacking the savvy I needed to master the streets, I felt there could be no escape for me, or honestly, anyone else† (27). He coined the term dreamers for people in America who believe themselves to be white. Dreamers are the people who always seem to find justification for the forcible control of black bodies. They justify the treatment of black bodies by considering black people to be of a higher moral necessity to be nonviolent and peaceful, even amidst violence perpetrated towards them (32). Black identity is not something that black people have had the opportunity to define, because it was defined before t hey were born. â€Å"To be black in the Baltimore of my youth was to be naked before the elements of the world before all the guns, fists, knives, crack, rape, and disease† (17). Coates is attempting to relay to his son how he navigated this system which defined him from birth, and how he found himself in it. His world was changed when he met black people from around the world. It meant that what he was told that he was, by the schools and the streets, is not all there is for black people. He learned new meanings of love. He learned that his own oppression did not mean that he and other black people were incapable of oppressing others. His worldview shifted, then, and he now wants his son to know all that is possible for him as a black boy in the diversity of the world. â€Å"I wasn’t so much bound to a biological ‘race,’ as to a group of people† (119). Black people were not bound by the skin and physical features they had, but by the culture they shared, including their shared oppressions. Living in America, his son will still be exposed to the schools and the streets. Though, the world is vast, he must still be especially cautious of how he behaves around police, because they will not see him as a brilliant, worldly, open-minded kid, but as simply a black boy in America, which, to most, is that same identity that Coates asserts America created for black people. He found that while the world was vast and black men and women shouldn’t feel limited, the world, namely the white world, has relied on their oppression for centuries. â€Å"‘The two great divisions of society are not the rich and the poor, but white and black,’ said the great South Carolina senator, John C. Calhoun. ‘And all the former, the poor as well as the rich, belong to the upper class and are respected and treated as equals.’ And there it is—the right to break the black body as the meaning of their sacred equality† (104). Racism is not the same as it was in the past, it is more subtle, less obvious, but it is there. And it will remain as long as white people depend on black oppression. .u72e625fe04c3cd95eea3cbf9ff55aa93 , .u72e625fe04c3cd95eea3cbf9ff55aa93 .postImageUrl , .u72e625fe04c3cd95eea3cbf9ff55aa93 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u72e625fe04c3cd95eea3cbf9ff55aa93 , .u72e625fe04c3cd95eea3cbf9ff55aa93:hover , .u72e625fe04c3cd95eea3cbf9ff55aa93:visited , .u72e625fe04c3cd95eea3cbf9ff55aa93:active { border:0!important; } .u72e625fe04c3cd95eea3cbf9ff55aa93 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u72e625fe04c3cd95eea3cbf9ff55aa93 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u72e625fe04c3cd95eea3cbf9ff55aa93:active , .u72e625fe04c3cd95eea3cbf9ff55aa93:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u72e625fe04c3cd95eea3cbf9ff55aa93 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u72e625fe04c3cd95eea3cbf9ff55aa93 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u72e625fe04c3cd95eea3cbf9ff55aa93 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u72e625fe04c3cd95eea3cbf9ff55aa93 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u72e625fe04c3cd95eea3cbf9ff55aa93:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u72e625fe04c3cd95eea3cbf9ff55aa93 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u72e625fe04c3cd95eea3cbf9ff55aa93 .u72e625fe04c3cd95eea3cbf9ff55aa93-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u72e625fe04c3cd95eea3cbf9ff55aa93:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gay Marriage Essay While Coates is giving voice to the majority of the black community at a time when they can still not rely on society to respect and protect them, OJ has a very different, albeit, not totally separate, experience with identity, particularly in regards to what it means to be black in America. OJ believed himself to be exempt from the black experience in America. He was even pleased when a white woman referred to the black people surrounding him as â€Å"n*****s† but seeing him as superior to them (00:36). He lived in a completely separate reality from other black people. He went to a wealthy white school and was surrounded by white people praising him for his athletic abilities. They didn’t see him as black (inferior), because he was so good on the field. He embraced this notion, saying â€Å"I’m not black, I’m OJ.† Later, he got into advertising for Chevrolet and Hertz. He thought that this spoke to his ability to transcend race. Little did he know, he was really being used as a way to gain sales from black buyers, while not losing sales from white people since they embraced him. Though he seemed separate from black America, his presence on television was a major milestone for the black community. He was fighting for their cause, whether he wanted to or not (1:09). Though he said in college that pressure didn’t get to him, we found that it did. He cracked. The attention went to his head and he was abusive to his wives. In the end he murdered his second wife and her lover, and was acquitted. He even wrote the book, If I Did it. He was later sentenced for a separate crime and now resides in p rison for robbery and is up for parole in October 2017 (Cleary). Our society is one in which we abuse black bodies, while glorifying black athletes and celebrities who we benefit from. Coates recalls the mother of Prince Jones telling a story from her youth in which she was sitting at a football game hearing her peers praising the black running back on their own team, while shouting â€Å"Kill that n*****!† with her sitting right next to them (Coates 139). We can easily see the parallel between this and OJ’s experience. He supposedly transcended race, which was why he was so successful. This gave him justification for ignoring the violence that his fellow black people were experiencing. He lived in a completely different world, or so he thought. But I would posit that he did not. The only reason that he transcended race was because he benefited white American football. He thrived on the attention he received from white America. To further this, he only had such success because he was better than his fellow white football players. The re were likely many black aspiring football players from his time who were good, and possibly even better than their white counterparts, but were overlooked because of their race. There’s a saying I heard in a show that I watch â€Å"You have to be twice as good to get half of what they have.† The show was Scandal and it was a black father telling his daughter that she can’t let herself fall behind because white people don’t have to work nearly as hard to get what they want. I think that sentiment is relevant here. It’s a reflection of the idea that black people are held to a higher moral standard. They are held to higher standards in almost every aspect of their life. OJ was not exempt from that. Though it may seem simple to say OJ is the exception to the point Coates makes, when we really look at each of them and the experiences of black people in America, we can see that he is not the exception. He does not transcend race. White America simply used his talents, while overlooking his blackness. Had he not been twice as talented as his white counterparts, he would not have been half as successful. While he was ignoring the black struggle taking place in his own city, he was also breaking barriers for black Americans. Whether he likes it or not, his blackness affected his experience in America and in the end the pressure got to him and the attention went to his head. In America, we glorify black athletes because they further our own causes, while simultaneously abusing black bodies and justifying it because of our necessity to hold them to a higher moral standard. This is not exceptional.

Ascribed celebrity Essays

Ascribed celebrity Essays Ascribed celebrity Paper Ascribed celebrity Paper it is attributed celebrity (Rojek, 2001). In a remarkable way, Rojek thought it wise to categorise a minor group of celebrities, he carved out what he termed as celetoid from attributed celebrity. He defined this group of celebrity as media-generated, compressed, concentrated form of attributed celebrity, examples include, reality show contestants, lottery winners, mistresses these kind of celebrity have 15minutes fame. They have not achieved any spectacular feat to be respected or to earn long term celebrity status, and tabloids understand that it is how they, the tabloids, represent them that the public feel about them.

The 6 Elements That Are Liquid at Room Temperature

The 6 Elements That Are Liquid at Room Temperature There are two elements that are liquid at the temperature technically designated room temperature or 298 K (25 °C) and a total of six elements that can be liquids at actual room temperatures and pressures. Elements That Are  Liquid at 25 °C Room temperature is a loosely defined term that can mean anywhere from 20 °C to 29 °C. For science, its usually considered to be either 20 °C or 25 °C. At this temperature and ordinary pressure, only two elements are liquids: BromineMercury Bromine (symbol Br and atomic number 35) is a reddish-brown liquid,  with a melting point  of 265.9 K. Mercury (symbol Hg and atomic number 80) is a toxic shiny silvery metal, with a melting point of 234.32 K. Elements That Become Liquid 25 °C-40 °C When the temperature is slightly warmer, there are a few other elements found as liquids at normal pressure: FranciumCesiumGalliumRubidium These four elements all melt at temperatures slightly higher than room temperature. Francium (symbol Fr and atomic number 87), a radioactive and reactive metal, melts around 300 K. Francium is the most electropositive of all the elements. Although its melting point is known, there is so little of this element in existence that its unlikely youll ever see a picture of this element in the liquid form. Cesium (symbol Cs and atomic number 55), a soft metal that violently reacts with water, melts at 301.59 K. The low melting point and softness of francium and cesium are a consequence of the size of their atoms. In fact, cesium atoms are larger than those of any other element. Gallium (symbol Ga and atomic number 31), a grayish metal, melts at 303.3 K. Gallium can be melted by body temperature, as in a gloved hand. This element displays low toxicity, so its available online and may be used safely for science experiments. In addition to melting it in your hand, it can be substituted for mercury in the beating heart experiment and can be used to make spoons that vanish when used to stir hot liquids. Rubidium (symbol Rb and atomic number 37) is a soft, silvery-white reactive metal, with a melting point of 312.46 K. Rubidium spontaneously ignites to form rubidium oxide. Like cesium, rubidium reacts violently with water. Other Liquid Elements That state of matter of an element may be predicted based on its phase diagram. While temperature is an easily controlled factor, manipulating pressure is another way to cause a phase change. When pressure is controlled, other pure elements may be found at room temperature. An example is the halogen element chlorine.

Community and its nature Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Community and its nature - Assignment Example Community and its nature There are numerous forms of communities on the planet and each of them nurture their own beliefs and concepts and identify their uniqueness against other .But a community is a not that appears on surface and has a darker side to it many overlook often times.The cultural differences and hostilities towards other culture is a common practice in many countries and less has been done to abolish this social evil. There is a considerable amount of conflicts in and between the communities which only has lead to fragmentation that unity among people. The real purpose of community and social grouping is to ensure peace rather than rubbing against to spark violence and clashes. Social exclusion and oppression in community Social exclusion is a concept which relates to a disadvantage of a society where in communities or social groups are alienated or isolated. Social exclusion and oppression can arise due to income inequality, occupation and difference in racial background. The social exclusion is a concept visibly connected widely with various kinds of social and economical problems. According to this concept certain groups or communities are considered inferior or underprivileged due to their social circumstance and racial background or poverty. As per the reading, community is the breeding ground for discrimination, social inequalities and social taboos. The very core nature of community is to create borders, limitation and restriction among people to breed animosity, condemn and conspiracy. According to reading, the communities are always afraid of its security and regard other communities as alien beings. In this attempt to secure themselves and their social belongings they consider other people around them as aliens, intruders or strangers. The author contemplates that violence is not originated without any valid reason but is the residue of the alienated attitude nurtured by the rich and wealth class of the society. The minority of people who are poor class are lea st powerful in the society are symbolized as violent groups. This lack of power and wealth in many sectors of society give way to the up rise of social inequality oppression and segmentation among people. The author points out that if a society is scrutinized thoroughly one can find a presence of division and conflict within and outside of it. However, the society projects a warm outlook which displays nothing but peace, love and harmony. Here the author enquires about the social interaction between the men and women and that attachment arises out it which gives a qualitative shape to the social scenario. It is also been mentioned that historical circumstances play a significant role in formulating social consequences which other wise intended. The Historical circumstances here can be referred to the history of certain country or geographical boundary which gives a certain identity or cultural foundation to people. This cultural identity or foundation can persuade group of people to differentiate themselves from the people of other geographical areas by forming practice and cultural beliefs. Social formation got initiated with the consistent practices of certain culture and historical practices. Social formation is a complex phenomenon and history and cultural beli

Post Soviet Eurasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Post Soviet Eurasia - Essay Example Speaking about the collapse of the Soviet Union, it is important to note that the its main reason was killing of established regime by the crisis, caused by the internal contradictions of the Soviet system and the inability of the Communist Party to resolve them. The end of the Soviet Union led to the ethnic and other conflicts that resulted in thousands of victims and became the cause of instant impoverishment of millions of people as well as the development of the widespread criminality and massive loss of life guidelines. The question of the Post-Soviet reality is more complicated. All former Soviet republics managed to transform themselves into the independent states, which could be hardly imagined in 1991. Today the economic situation in these areas is different. Before the beginning of the global economic crisis, almost all countries of the former Soviet Union managed to overcome deep financial default, caused by the collapse and reconstruction of all-union economy. â€Å"Most of the armed conflicts that accompanied the collapse of the Soviet Union took place in the Caucasus. The independent countries of the south – Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia – are beset by the economic problems, social unrest and territorial disputes† (King, Charles, 2008). The origins of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict lie in the events of the late 1980s, when the activation of the Georgian national movement for the independence from the Union center and the radical actions of its leaders led to a sharp deterioration of relations between Georgians and ethnic minorities (primarily, the Abkhazians and Ossetians, who had their own autonomous education and demanded to enhance their status). In 1992, South Ossetia was an independent state, with its own constitution (adopted in 1993), and state symbols. Georgian authorities continued to accept it as the Tskhinvali region, but they did not take active steps to establish control over it. In

Types of Mitochondrial Diseases

Types of Mitochondrial Diseases Abstract: Mitochondrion is the primary site of energy and ATP generation so it is called â€Å"power house† of the cell. Mitochondria are composed of two different types of membranes like an outer membrane, an inner membrane and a protein-rich matrix. Protein kinases can localize to specific cytoplasmic sub compartments and mediates many important processes like cell motility and many signaling events. The mitochondrion is a point of integration for these signaling cascades due to its role in cellular metabolism, redox processes, and cell survival-death. PI3K/Akt/Protein Kinase B(PKB) ,Protein kinase C(PKC),Raf-MEK-ERK,JNK/SAPK and p38 MAPK, Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1),Glycogen synthase kinase 3ÃŽ ² (GSK-3ÃŽ ²),Protein kinase A (PKA),PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) are associated with mitochondria and modulate mitochondrial activity and the release of mitochondrial products affects mitochondrial respiratory chain, transport, fission-fusion events, calcium turnover, reactiv e oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial autophagy and apoptotic cell death. Mitochondrial diseases are due to degeneration of the mitochondria in specialized compartments present in every cell of the body. Mitochondria diseases causes damage to cells of the brain, heart, liver, skeletal muscles, kidney and the endocrine and respiratory systems. So this review focuse on various kinases associated with mitochondria, their role in progression of neurodegenerative diseases and treatment. Introduction 1 Mitochondria: Mitochondrion is present in every eukaryotic cell having size range of 0.5 to 10 ÃŽ ¼m in diameter (Munn et al., 1974). It is the primary site of energy and ATP production so it is called â€Å"power house† of the cell. Mitochondria are composed of two different types of membranes like an outer membrane, an inner membrane and a protein-rich matrix. The molecular machinery of chemiosmosis is associated with the inner membrane. Mitochondrial energy production is same in all cells but there are variations in shape, connectivity, and membrane morphology (Munn et al., 1974, Fawcett et al., 1966). There might be changes in the â€Å"energization† state of the mitochondrial membrane integral to energy production (Green et al., 1973). Structural diversity and dynamics of mitochondria were studied with the help of light and electron microscopy and their relationship with other cellular components. This technique gives idea about changes in shape and structure of mitochondria dur ing biological processes. Electron tomography shows remodeling of the inner membrane in the case of apoptosis and cytochrome c release (Scorrano et al., 2002) and mitochondrial fragmentation (Sun et al., 2007). Cell controls the mitochondrial structure, its function and response against various stimuli (Mannella et al., 2006) 1.1 Structure: A mitochondrion has double layer structure composed of phospholipids and proteins (Munn et al., 2007). These two double membranes have five compartments like the outer membrane, the intermembrane space ( between the outer and inner membranes), the inner membrane, the cristae formed by unfolding of the inner mitochondrial membrane, and the matrix (space in the inner mitochondrial membrane). 1.2 Inner Mitochondrial membrane: The inner membrane contains invaginations called cristae. The cristae are not random folds but these are small regions that open through narrow tubular channels into the peripheral region of the membrane (Fig. 2) (Mannella et al., 2001). Topographic analysis of intact, frozen-hydrated, rat liver mitochondria(Mannella et al., 2001) describes the inner diameter of the tubular â€Å"cristae junctions† is 10-15 nm (Fig. 2).This is enough to pass metabolites and many soluble proteins and the inner membrane restrict internal diffusion rates. For example, computer simulations indicate that the steady-state level of ADP inside cristae with long small junctions can drop below the Km for the adenine nucleotide translocator, leading to a local drop in ATP generation. Like that truncated (t)-Bid-induced remodeling in the inner mitochondrial membrane of isolated mouse liver mitochondria (Fig. 2) causes mobilization of a large fraction of the internal pool of cytochrome c lead to increased rates of reduction by the NADH cytochrome b5 redox system on the outer membrane of the organelle(Scorrano et al.,2002).The inner-membrane remodeling involves fivefold widening of the cristae and diffusion of cytochrome c between intracris tal and peripheral (intermembrane) compartments. These shows that the topology of the mitochondrial inner membrane can have effect on mitochondrial functions by influencing the kinetics of diffusion of metabolites and soluble proteins between the internal compartments defined by this membrane (Mannella et al., 1997). 1.3 Mitochondrial Inner-membrane Dynamics: Isolated mitochondria has two morphologic states, condensed and orthodox.Condence state is characterized by a contracted, very dense, matrix compartment and wide cristae while orthodox having an expanded, less-dense matrix and more compact cristae(Hackenbrock et al.,1966 ). Changes between these two morphological states has been detected in real time by light scattering or simply by adjusting the osmotic pressure of the external medium, causing water to flow into or out of the matrix. A reversible condensed-to-orthodox transition also occurs during respiration when ADP is in excess amount and fully phosphorylated form (Hackenbrock et al., 1966). Electron micrograph shows changes in inner mitochondrial membrane as passive unfolding and refolding of the inner membrane. 3D images of rat liver mitochondria obtain by electron tomography indicate that condensed rat liver mitochondria have large pleiomorphic cristae and multiple junctions to each other and to the peripheral region of the inner membrane, that is the region opposed to the outer membrane and the Orthodox rat liver mitochondria have cristae either tubular or flattened lamellae, both types usually having only one junction to the periphery of the inner membrane. For this to occur the inner mitochondrial membranes must undergo fusion and fission, with tubular forms merging into the larger cisternae during matrix condensation. Large lamellar compartment are formed via cristae fusion is strongly suggested by their appearance in tomograms of frozen-hydrated mitochondria (Fig. 2).so that the structural variations that mitochondria undergo in response to osmotic and metabolic changes involve not only the contraction and dilation of the matrix and intracristal space but also by remodeling of the inner mitochondrial membrane. A review of mitochondrial morphologies associated with a variety of osmotic, metabolic, and disease states suggests that inner-membrane topology represents a balance between fusion and fission, with defects (such as crista vesiculation) corresponding to an imbalance in this process (Mannella et al.,2006). 1.4 Inner mitochondrial membrane proteins: Mitochondrial proteins responsible for maintenance of normal cristae morphology and dynamics are also responsible for mediate inter mitochondrial fusion and organelle division since these processes involve fusion and fission of the inner as well as the outer membranes. For example, the dynamin-like GTPase called Mgm1p in yeast and OPA1 in mammalian cells is required for the fusion of mitochondria. Mutations in this protein cause a progressive, autosomal, dominant retinopathy, dominant optic atrophy (Alexander et al.,2000, Delettre et al.,2002) giving the physiological importance of mitochondrial dynamics. Another protein that directly influences inner-membrane topology is F1F0 ATP synthase. Mutations in subunits e or g of the F0 domain cause lateral dimerization and subsequent oligomerization of these inner membrane complexes and are associated with wrapped cristae lacking tubular junctions (Paumard et al., 2002). This also occurs with the down regulation of the protein mitofilin tha t regulate interactions of the ATP synthase (John et al., 2005). In ATP synthase dimers, close packing of the bulky extra membrane F1 domains causes the smaller, intramembrane F0 domains , which could induce local bending of the inner membrane.Mgm1/OPA1 has a chaperone-like function for subunit e of the ATP synthase. The loss of the function of Mgm1/OPA1 mutants inhibits ATP synthase dimer formation, which lead to the deficiency of normal tubular crista junctions in these mitochondria. 2 Mitochondrial kinases: Activated protein kinases can localize to specific cytoplasm sub compartments and mediates many important processes like cell motility (Glading et al., 2001), and signaling endosomes may facilitate communication between neurons(Howe CL et al.,2004). Like hormone- or growth factor-induce signaling cascades, recent advances in redox signaling pathways have very complex function. The mitochondrion is a point of integration for these redox signaling cascades due to its role in cellular metabolism, redox biochemistry, and survival-death decisions. Recent studies have demonstrated that certain components of protein kinase signaling cascades are specifically targeted to mitochondria, where they modulate mitochondrial activity and the release of mitochondrial products that ultimately affect the entire cell. 3 List of Mitochondrial kinases: PI3K/Akt/Protein Kinase B(PKB) Protein kinase C(PKC) Raf-MEK-ERK JNK/SAPK and p38 MAPK Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) Glycogen synthase kinase 3ÃŽ ² (GSK-3ÃŽ ²) Protein kinase A (PKA) PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) (1) PI3K/Akt/Protein Kinase B(PKB) The protein kinase B (serine/threonine kinase Akt) has a major role in cell proliferation and survival in many cells of the body. Akt is activated by phosphoinositide-dependent kinases to the plasma membrane by products of the type I phosphoinositide 3- kinase (Vanhaesebroeck et al., 2000). Antiapoptotic effects of nitric oxide may be partially mediated by cGMPdependent activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Akt (Ha KS et al., 2003). Inspite of direct effects of Akt in phospho-inactivating the proapoptotic protein BAD (Datta et al., 1997), Akt also activate Raf-1 in the mitochondria (Majewski et al., 1999) and cause expression of proteins involved in the mitochondrial permeability transition pore(Nebigil et al.,2003). Akt can also having role in cell survival through regulation of forkhead transcription factors (Linseman et al., 2005). In Neuroblastoma and human embryonic kidney cells, insulin-like growth factor 1 Cause rapid translocation of phospho-Akt into mitochondrial subcellular fractions (Bijur et al., 2003). This effect may be cell type specific, as Akt was not observed in mitochondria of mesangial cells stimulated by insulin-like growth factor 1(Kang et al.,2003). Activated mitochondrial Akt can also phosphorylate ÃŽ ² subunit of ATP synthase and of glycogen synthase kinase 3ÃŽ ² (GSK3ÃŽ ²) (Bijur et al., 2003). GSK3ÃŽ ² has been localized by immunoelectron microscopy to the mitochondria, where it functions to phosphorylate and inhibit mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (Hoshi M et al., 1996) and to promote apoptosis (Hetman et al., 2000). Akt can localize within the mitochondria rather than on its surface most commonly in the mitochondrial membrane fractions and to a lesser degree in the matrix (Bijur et al., 2003). It has pro survival role in mitochondrial membrane permeation. The antioxidant selenite has neuroprotective effects and increases AKT activation by PI3K (Wang et al., 2007). Inhibition of PI3K enhance RGCs survival upon axotomy, in a fashion that depended on the presence of local macrophages PI3K inhibition suppressed the neuroprotective effects of sodium Orthovanadate (Wu et al., 2006). (2) Protein kinase C (PKC) The protein kinase C (PKC) family consists of multiple isozymes with distinct distribution patterns in different tissues of the body (Dempsey et al., 2000). Extracellular ligand binds to a receptor tyrosine kinase or G protein-coupled receptor activates phospholipase C and produces inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). Calcium released by IP3 causes PKC to bind to membranes, where DAG then activates PKC. Activated PKC phosphorylates many cellular targets, including c-Fos and NF-ÃŽ ºB. The isozymes of PKC differ not only in their localization but also in their responsiveness to IP3, DAG, and calcium. There are three subgroups of PKC isoforms, conventional, novel, and atypical, classified on the basis of their responsiveness to these regulators (Parker et al., 2004). The ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ² isoforms of PKC were found in a subset of mitochondria in carp retinal Mà ¼ller cells (Fernandez et al., 1995) Immunoelectron microscopy studies showed that the kinase was associated with the inner membrane and cristae. Researchers described that PKC isoforms play a direct role in regulating mitochondrial function. Activated PKC isoforms that translocate to the mitochondria are proapoptotic or inhibitory to mitochondrial function. For example, renal proximal tubular cells respond to oxidative stress by activated PKCÃŽ µ to the mitochondria and inhibit the electron transport chain, ATP production, and Na+ transport by direct phosphorylation of Na+-K+-ATPase (Nowak et al., 2004). Treatment of various neoplastic cells with phorbol esters, H2O2, or anticancer agents such as cisplatin and etoposide causes accumulation of PKCÃŽ ´ to the mitochondria, with subsequent releases cytochrome c and induction of apoptosis (Majumder et al., 2000). In rat cardiac myocytes PKCÃŽ ´ was shown to move to the mitochondria in response to anesthetic exposure or ischemia/reperfusion. PKCÃŽ ´ then activate mitochondrial KATP channels, which then promote cardio protection (Uecker et al., 2003). PKCÃŽ µ also promotes cardioprotection following ischemia/reperfusion through a different mechanism, phosphorylating the voltage dependent anion channel (VDAC) component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (Baines et al., 2003). This prevents mitochondrial swelling, outer membrane rupture, release of apoptogenic factors, and decreases in ATP production. PKCÃŽ µ and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) interact at the mitochondria to inactivate the proapoptotic protein BAD in cardiac myocytes (Baines et al., 2002). Inactivation of the proapoptotic protein Bax by PKCÃŽ µ in prostate cancer cells renders these cells resistant to androgen-deprivation therapy (McJilton et al., 2003). PKC isoforms translocate from one cell compart ment to another, these responses to PKC signaling may be mediated by association with specific anchoring scaffold proteins, RACKs (receptors for activated C kinase) and RICKs (receptors for inactive C kinase) (Mochly-Rosen et al., 1998). (3) ERK-Raf-MEK The extracellular signal regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2) has a role in regulating the processes like proliferation, differentiation, adaptation (i.e., cell motility, long term potentiating), survival, and even cell death. ERK has been found in the mitochondria of neurons and non-neuronal cells such as in mouse heart, renal epithelial cells, outer membrane and the intermembrane space of rat brain mitochondria, mouse hippocampus, B65 cells, SH-SY5Y cells; Leydig cells and human alveolar macrophages (Ruben K et al., 2009).The three-tiered ERK signaling involves sequential activation of Raf (MAPKKK), MEK1/2 (MAPKK), and ERK1/2 (MAPK). Depending on its intracellular localization and pathway of activation, Raf-1 can affect apoptosis by different mechanisms (Majewski et al.,1999, Alavi et al., 2003).ERK signaling can have opposite responses to injury even within the same cell type (Chu et al., 2004, Hetman et al., 2004). It has Pro-apoptotic role in mitochondrial membrane permeation. Pha rmacological inhibition of ERKs resulted in a reduction of cortical lesion volumes one week after trauma (Mori et al., 2002). Intravenous administration of a specific inhibitor of MEKs after ischemia results in decrease of infarct volume (Namura et al., 2001). The antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 plays an important role in targeting Raf-1 to the mitochondria, resulting in phosphorylation of proapoptotic BAD, provides evidence for signaling roles for plasma membrane-targeted versus mitochondrially targeted Raf proteins (Wang et al., 1996). Signaling cascade consisting of Raf-1, MEK1, and the adapter protein Grb10 have been localized to mitochondrial membranes (Nantel et al., 1999). The antiapoptotic effects of mitochondrially localized Raf-1 are independent of ERK activity in myeloid cells (Majewski et al., 1999), and MEK/ERK signaling does mediate antiapoptotic effects of B-Raf in fibroblasts (Erhardt et al., 1999). Phosphorylation of S338 and S339 on Raf-1 promotes mitochondrial translocation and protection of endothelial cells from the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, whereas Src cause phosphorylation of Y340 and Y341 and MEK/ERK activity are important for protection from death receptor-initiated cell death (Alavi et al., 2003). ERK can modulate mitochondrial functions and inhibition of MEK, those associated with cell death. For example, ERK signaling promotes mitochondrial ATP synthase function in glucose-deprived astrocytes (Yung et al., 2004), to maintain mitochondrial membrane potential and prevent cytochrome c release (Lee et al., 2004), and to inactivate the proapoptotic protein BAD (Jin et al., 2002). ERK has also role in promoting oxidative neuronal injuries (Chu et al., 2004) and in neurodegenerative diseases (Tobiume et al.,2002, Kulich et al.,2001) MEK/ERK promotes organophosphate induce mitochondrial vacuolation(Isobe et al., 2003), apoptotic translocation of Bax to the mitochondria(Isobe et al., 2003), and nonapoptotic programmed cell death(Sperandio et al., 2004). As pro- and antiapoptotic effects of MEK/ ERK signaling could be mediated by downstream targets or at the transcriptional level (Bonni et al., 1999), these studies do not necessarily indicate mitochondrial targeting of ERK. Mitochondrial targeting of ERK signaling was first derived from biochemical subcellular fractionation studies. In renal tubular cells, both activated ERK1/2 and PKCÃŽ ± are enriched in mitochondrial fractions during cisplatin injury, where they increase mitochondrial membrane potential, decrease oxidative phosphorylation, and increase caspase-3 activation and apoptosis (Nowak et al., 2002).ERK activity in phosphorylating both Bcl-2(Deng et al., 2000) and BAD (Kang et al., 2003) are associated with increased levels of activated ERK colocalizing or co-immunoprecipitating with the Bcl-2 family members in mitochondria. Immuno-electron microscopy studies shows presence of phosphorylated ERK1/2 within the mitochondrion (Zhu et al., 2003, Alonso et al., 2004). Phospho-ERK was found at high labeling densities within a subset of mitochondria in degenerating neurons from patients of Parkinsons disease and Lewy body dementia (Chu et al., 2003) and distinct granular cytoplasmic pattern of staining are not observed in control patients(Zhu et al., 2002). (4) JNK/SAPK and p38 MAPK The p38 MAPKs and the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) / SAPK (stress-activated protein kinase) are of MAPK family membranes and involved in prodeath signaling (Matsuzawa et al., 2001). The p38 and JNK are activated by a MAP kinase (MKK), which is activated by a MAPKKK in response to a stimulus like oxidative stress, irradiation, or proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor ÃŽ ±. Role of p38 MAPK signaling in cell death includes translocation of proapoptotic Bax from cytosolic to mitochondrial compartments (Park et al., 2003 Shou et al., 2003), caspase-independent potassium efflux (Bossy-Wetzel et al., 2004), and transcriptional regulation of TR3, a steroid receptor-like protein that translocates from the nucleus to the mitochondria to initiate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway (Bossy-Wetzel et al., 2004). Irradiation causes translocation of both p38 and JNK1 to mitochondrial subcellular fractions (Epperly et al., 2002). The effects of JNK on the mitochondria involve stimulation of apoptosis. Treatment of isolated rat brain mitochondria with active JNK causes the inhibition of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and release of cytochrome c (Schroeder et al., 2003). The mitochondrial JNK is activated by oxidative stress in cardiac myocytes, and cause the release of cytochrome c lead to apoptosis (Aoki et al., 2002). Treatment with phorbol esters cause localization of JNK to the mitochondria in human U-937 leukemia cells, where it binds to and inhibits Bcl-xL, promoting apoptosis (Kharbanda et al., 2000, Ito et al., 2001). Mitochondrial JNK can also cause the release of Smac, the activator of caspase that promotes caspase-9 activity (Chauhan et al., 2003). JNK also phosphorylates and oligomerize proapoptotic BAD (Bhakar et al., 2003). JNK signaling can yield cell survival under some conditions. JNK can inactivate the pro-apoptotic protein BAD (Yu C et al., 2004). Activated JNK phosphorylates Bcl-2 at Ser70 in the mitochondrial membranes of interleukin-3-dependent hematopoietic cells. This occurs under conditions of stress or by exposure to interleukin-3, resulting in enhanced antiapoptotic activity of Bcl-2(Deng et al., 2001). It has Pro-apoptotic role in mitochondrial membrane permeation. JNK3 (but not JNK1 nor JNK2) absence conferred significant neuroprotection to axotomized neurons. The absence of JNK3 (but not of JNK1 nor of JNK2) resulted in a substantial resistance against kainate-induced seizures, which correlated with improved survival (Brecht et al., 2005). Pharmacological JNK inhibitors diminished several manifestations of apoptosis and reduced infarct volume (Gao et al., 2005). Intravitreal administration of a p38MAPK inhibi tor induced apoptosis (Kikuchi et al., 2000). Oral administration of a p38MAPK inhibitor during pre- and post-ischemia provided dose-dependent neuroprotective effects (Legos et al., 2001). Pharmacological inhibition of p38MAPK protects neurons from NO-mediated degeneration (Xu et al., 2006). (5) Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) All living systems are exposed to numerous physicochemical stressors, and appropriate responses to these stresses at the cellular level are essential for the maintenance of homeostasis. The mitogen-activated protein Kinase (MAPK) cascades are having major signaling pathways in regulation of these cellular stress responses (Kazuki et al., 2009). The MAPK pathway consists of a cascade of three protein kinases. These protein kinases are sequentially activated, such as the MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) phosphorylates and activates the MAPK kinase (MAPKK), which then phosphorylates and activates the MAPK. MAPKs have a wide variety of cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. ASK1 identified as a member of the MAPKKK family and activate the MAPKK 4 (MKK4) JNK and MKK3/6-p38 pathways but not the MAP/ERK kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway (Ichijo et al., 1997). Tumor necrosis factor-ÃŽ ± receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) having important role in the regulation of ASK1 activity. In TRAF family proteins, TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF5 and TRAF6 are associate with ASK1, but only TRAF2, TRAF5 and TRAF6 increase ASK1 kinase activity (Nishitoh et al., 1998). TNF-ÃŽ ± treatment induces JNK activation in a TRAF2- dependent manner (Yeh et al., 1997, Tobiume et al., 2001). Phosphorylation of Thr845 in mouse ASK1 have role in activation of ASK1 (Tobiume et al., 2002). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activates ASK1 and involved in variety of neurodegenerative diseases (Lindholm et al., 2006). It has Pro-apoptotic role in mitochondrial membrane permeation. Decreased activation of ASK1/JNK by the antioxidant selenite correlated with neuroprotective effects (Wang et al., 2007). (6) Glycogen synthase kinase 3ÃŽ ² (GSK-3ÃŽ ²) Glycogen synthase kinase-3ÃŽ ² (GSK-3ÃŽ ²) is a constitutively active 47-kDa Ser/Thr protein kinase. It has about 40 substrates and having functions like cell proliferation, growth and death. GSK-3ß has a significant role in the regulation of apoptosis. Apoptotic injury is increased by the over-expression of GSK-3ß lead to cellular injury. During oxidative stress, GSK-3ß can lead to the activation of caspase 3 and cytochrome c release ultimately lead to apoptosis. Mechanism of GSK-3ÃŽ ² is phosphorylation at Ser and Tyr residues, complex formation with scaffold proteins, priming of substrates and intracellular translocation. GSK-3ÃŽ ² has been involved in serious diseases such as Alzheimers disease, bipolar mood disorder, cancer and ischemia/reperfusion injury (Tetsuji et al., 2009). It has Pro-apoptotic role in mitochondrial membrane permeation. Clinical dose of lithium inhibits GSK-3ÃŽ ² resulted in significant axon sprouting and functional recovery (Dill et al., 2008). (7) Protein kinase A (PKA) The protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway involves responses to hormonal stimulation which are often cell type specific.The PKA pathway involves the binding of an extracellular molecule to a G protein-coupled receptor, which catalyzes the formation of intracellular cyclic AMP through the activation of adenylate cyclase.Cyclic AMP then binds to the two regulatory subunits of PKA, thereby releasing the two catalytic subunits to phosphorylate serine and threonine residues on target proteins. These subunits enter the nucleus and phosphorylate transcription factors such as CREB and NF-ÃŽ ºB. PKA signaling in specific subcellular compartments has been recognized with the discovery of specific anchoring scaffold proteins. PKA activity has been identified within the mitochondria in a wide variety of species, including human (Kleitke et al., 1976). Mitochondrial targeted PKA activities have positive effects on the mitochondria. PKA localized to the inner membrane and matrix of mitochondria phosphorylates and promotes the activity of complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) (Technikova-Dobrova et al., 2001). AKAP (A-kinase anchoring proteins)-mediate the activation of PKA to the cytoplasmic surface of mitochondria results in phospho-inhibition of the proapoptotic protein BAD, enhancing cell survival (Harada et al., 1999, Affaitati et al., 2003). A peripheral benzodiazepine receptor-associated protein functions as an AKAP that promotes mitochondrial steroid genesis (Liu et al., 2003). AKAP-121 can also function as targeting of Mn-superoxide dismutase mRNA to the mitochondria for localized translation of this important antioxidant (Ginsberg et al., 2003).The small G-protein Rab32, which regulates mitochondrial fission, appears to function as a mitochondrially targeted AKAP(Alto et al., 2002). Thus, mitochondrial targeting of PKA appears to be involved in regulating most major mitochondrial functions, promoting respiration, antagonizing cell death, and regulating mitochondrial protein expression and biogenesis. (8) PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) PINK1 is a serine/threonine kinase having similarity to calcium/calmodulin regulated kinases. The primary sequence for PINK1 includes a canonical N-terminal mitochondrial leader sequence (Ruben K et al., 2009). PINK1 has been found in the mitochondria human brain and it is cleaved by matrix proteases. Transmembrane domain of PINK1 is responsible for its insertion in to outer mitochondrial membrane. The C-terminal domain of PINK1 having role of its auto phosphorylation (Liu et al., 2008). Point mutations and truncations of PINK 1 have been mapped throughout the transmembrane, kinase and C-terminal domains lead to impaired kinase activity and promote degradation, or induce misfolding of PINK1. The TNF receptor associated protein 1 (TRAP1, or Hsp75) are substrate for PINK1, and the serine protease Omi/Htra2 and heat shock proteins, Hsp90/Cdc37 are PINK1 binding proteins. So degradation of PINK1 catalytic activity leads to disease like parkinsonian neurodegeneration (DeFeo et al., 1981). 4 Human Diseases associated with Mitochondrial Kinases Mitochondria are important because of the Respiratory chain which is the major sites of energy production in all cells (Taylor et al., 2005). Mitochondria perform many functions in different tissues and cells so there are so many different mitochondrial diseases associated with different tissues of the body. Each disease produces abnormalities that are difficult to diagnose. There are complex relationship between the genes and cells that are responsible for maintaining our metabolic processes running smoothly; it is a basis of mitochondrial diseases. Mitochondrial diseases is due to degeneration of the mitochondria in specialized compartments present in every cell of the body except RBC (red blood cells).When mitochondria fail to generate energy, less energy is generated in the cell so cell injury and even cell death can occur. If this is repeated throughout the whole body, whole systems begin to fail, and the life of the person is severely compromised. The disease affects more in ch ildren as compared to adult but onset is becoming more and more common. Mitochondria diseases causes damage to cells of the brain, heart, liver, skeletal muscles, kidney and the endocrine and respiratory systems. Kinases that are associated with mitochondria during neuronal injury include mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) such as extracellular signal regulated protein kinases (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), protein kinase B/Akt, and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1). Their sites of action within mitochondria and specific kinase targets are still unclear but these signaling pathways regulate mitochondrial respiration, transport, fission-fusion, calcium buffering, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial autophagy and apoptotic cell death( Kachergus et al., 2005). 5 List of mitochondrial kinases associated human diseases: A) Neurodegenerative diseases: Parkinsons disease Alzheimers disease B) Cancer 1 Parkinsons disease (PD) Parkinsons disease is a debilitating, movement disorder that affects around 1 million people in North America. Symptoms: Motor symptoms can be due to degeneration of endogenously pigmented midbrain neurons of the nigrostriatal projection. Olfactory, autonomic and cognitive dysfunction. Most of the cases have no known cause; oxidative stress, disordered protein handling/degradation, and mitochondrial dysfunction are mechanistically observed factors in sporadic PD due to toxin/pesticide exposures, and in models of familial PD (Ruben et al., 2009). Factors like Disturbances in mitochondrial function, transport, dynamics and turnover have central role in neurotoxin, environmental and genetic approaches to Parkinsons disease (Ruben et al., 2009). In addition to changes in mitochondrial fission/fusion machinery and trafficking, autophagic degradation process has a critical role in regulating mitochondrial quality and content (Kiselyov et al., 2007). Macroautophagy has a role in membranous engulfment of cytoplasmic cargo bodies for lysosomal degradation, and this the major degradative pathway for organelles and insoluble proteins. There is deregulation of macroautophagy and of chaperone-mediated autophagy observed in toxin and genetic models of PD (Ruben et al., 2009). Gene multiplication and ÃŽ ±-synuclein mutations are autosomal dominant of PD in model of parkinsonian neurodegeneration (Polymeropoulos et al., 1997). Aggregation of ÃŽ ±-Synuclein, Lewy bodie formation and mutation in leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are found in the sporadic and dominant forms of PD (Kachergus et al., 2005). Parkin, ATP13A2, DJ1 and PTEN induced kinase 1(PINK 1) are involved in autosomal recessive Parkinsonism disease. PINK1 and Parkin regulates mitochondrial morphology and turnover (Ruben et al., 2009). In human PD brain and diffuse Lewy body diseases, Phospho-ERK (p-ERK) in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of midbr